La Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica es una condición caracterizada por la obstrucción de las vías respiratorias reduciendo la posibilidad de vaciar los pulmones y la falta de entrenamiento contribuye a esta enfermedad. El ejercicio es el factor mas importante en la rehabilitación pulmonar, y el más seguro y efectivo para mejorar la capacidad física y calidad de vida.
La inactividad y EPOC
La dificultad en respirar experimentada por los pacientes con EPOC en el día a día puede contribuir al sedentarismo y a una progresivo deterioro en las capacidades funcionales y una posible aislamiento. Con una progresiva inactividad, las funciones cardiovasculares y el esqueleto de masa muscular disminuyen y además, si un paciente con EPOC no se mantiene en movimiento le podría causar disnea (ahogo o dificultad para respirar), fatiga muscular, una eventual pérdida de independencia y depresión.
Beneficios del ejercicio al paciente con EPOC
Son muchos los beneficios fisiológicos y psicológicos que se registraron en pacientes con EPOC después de participar en actividades aeróbicas y de resistencia. Los beneficios mas destacados son el aumento de la capacidad física, disminución de ansiedad y la gran independencia en las actividades diarias, reduciendo la fatiga y mejorando la calidad de vida. Estos resultados positivos ocurren con un regular y persistente entrenamiento. Una actividad regular permite al paciente a realizar actividades recreativas y vocacionales a pesar de su enfermedad.
Guía de ejercicios
Luego de las primeras semanas en movimiento, el paciente podrá realizar de 30 a 40 minutos de entrenamiento. Los beneficios serán a medida que éste sea de manera gradual y progresiva. Un entrenamiento moderado favorece a la disminución de disneas y produce una gran mejoría en la salud. Para la mayoría de los pacientes, 15 minutos de actividad física moderada, 3 días a la semana es probablemente la cantidad mínima y necesaria para asegurarse un notable avance.
Un entrenamiento aeróbico debería involucrar a la mayoría de los grupos musculares de las extremidades bajas que son utilizadas diariamente, como subir las escaleras o caminar.
Mejorías en la resistencia, mayor tolerancia a la ejercitación y una mejor calidad de vida son los resultados que se obtuvieron en un paciente con EPOC luego de comenzar un entrenamiento. Es recomendable combinar actividades de fuerza y aeróbicas para tener un mejor y futuro rendimiento.
Síntesis
Un entrenamiento adecuado es el componente vital para la rehabilitación de ésta enfermedad.
El Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte (ACSM) apoya y recomienda una ejercitación moderada de 30 minutos al día para una mejoría favorable en la calidad de vida de los pacientes con EPOC. Cabe destacar que el entrenamiento no puede revertir los efectos fisiológicos del EPOC pero sí reduce la discapacidad asociada a la enfermedad.
Una persona con la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, que mantiene un entrenamiento regular y progresivo, después de la sexta semana, ya puede notar cambios positivos y un aumento de sus capacidad funcionales a un 70% y 80%.

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